LL-37 operates through two primary mechanisms, direct antimicrobial action and immune regulation. It directly disrupts bacterial and fungal membranes.  This is achieved due to its strong positive charge and alpha helical structure, which allows it to physically penetrate and destabilize the pathogen’s cell wall. It regulates innate immunity by modulating Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, helping to control the body’s inflammatory response to threats.